Codility. Train. Passing-cars ★★

A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. The consecutive elements of array A represent consecutive cars on a road.

Array A contains only 0s and/or 1s:

• 0 represents a car traveling east,
• 1 represents a car traveling west.

The goal is to count passing cars. We say that a pair of cars (P, Q), where 0 ≤ P < Q < N, is passing when P is traveling to the east and Q is traveling to the west.

For example, consider array A such that:

  A[0] = 0
  A[1] = 1
  A[2] = 0
  A[3] = 1
  A[4] = 1

We have five pairs of passing cars: (0, 1), (0, 3), (0, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4).

Write a function:

def solution(A)

that, given a non-empty zero-indexed array A of N integers, returns the number of passing cars.

The function should return −1 if the number of passing cars exceeds 1,000,000,000.

For example, given:

  A[0] = 0
  A[1] = 1
  A[2] = 0
  A[3] = 1
  A[4] = 1

the function should return 5, as explained above.

Assume that:

• N is an integer within the range [1..100,000];
• each element of array A is an integer within the range [0..1].

Complexity:

• expected worst-case time complexity is O(N);
• expected worst-case space complexity is O(1), beyond input storage (not counting the storage required for input arguments).

Elements of input arrays can be modified.

Solution:

def solution(A):
    c, z = 0, 0
    for i in A:
        if i == 0:
            z += 1
        else:
            c += z
            if c > 1000000000:
                return -1
    return c